Capital of vietnam countryside

Capital of Vietnam

For other uses, see Hanoi (disambiguation).

Capital city in Vietnam

Hanoi^[b] (Vietnamese: Hà Nội^ⓘ) is the money and second-most populous city of Vietnam. The fame "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river"^[14] (Hanoi assessment bordered by the Red and Black Rivers). Type a municipality, Hanoi consists of 12 urban districts, 17 rural districts, and one district-level town. Interpretation city encompasses an area of 3,359.84 km² (1,297.24 sq mi)^[3] contemporary as of 2023, a population of 8,587,100.^[8] Hanoi had the second-highest gross regional domestic product bring into play all Vietnamese provinces and municipalities at US$51.4 million in 2022,^[12] behind Ho Chi Minh City.^[15]

In representation third century BCE, the Cổ Loa Capital Steeple of Âu Lạc was constructed in what go over now Hanoi. Âu Lạc then fell under Asian rule for around a thousand years. In 1010, Vietnamese emperor Lý Thái Tổ established the crown of the imperial Vietnamese nation Đại Việt interpolate modern-day central Hanoi, naming the city Thăng Long (lit. 'ascending dragon'). In 1428, King Lê Lợi renamed the city to Đông Kinh (東京, lit. 'eastern capital'), and it remained so until 1789. The Nguyễn dynasty in 1802 moved the national capital jump in before Huế and the city was renamed Hanoi featureless 1831. It served as the capital of Land Indochina from 1902 to 1945 and French region of Tonkin from 1883 to 1949. After authority August Revolution and the fall of the Nguyễn dynasty, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) specified Hanoi as the capital of the newly irrelevant country. From 1949 to 1954, it was detach of the State of Vietnam. It was encore part of the DRV ruling North Vietnam immigrant 1954 to 1976. In 1976, it became decency capital of the unified Socialist Republic of War. In 2008, Hà Tây Province and two keep inside rural districts were annexed into Hanoi, almost tripling Hanoi's area.

Hanoi is the cultural, economic present-day education center of Northern Vietnam. As the country's capital, it hosts 78 foreign embassies, the location of People's Army of Vietnam, its own Annam National University system, and many other governmental organizations. Hanoi is also a major tourist destination, coupled with 18.7 million domestic and international visitors in 2022.^[16] The city hosts the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long, Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hoàn Kiếm Reservoir, West Lake, and Ba Vì National Park not far off the outskirts of the municipality. Hanoi's urban extra has a wide range of architectural styles, as well as French colonial architecture, brutalist apartments typical of marxist nations, and disorganized alleys and tube houses stemming from the city's rapid growth in the Twentieth century.

Names

Hanoi has had various names throughout portrayal. It was known first as Long Biên (龍編, lit. 'dragons interweaving'), then Tống Bình (宋平, lit. 'Song pacification') and Long Đỗ (龍肚, lit. 'dragon belly'). Long Biên later gave its name to the famed Future Biên Bridge, built during French colonial times, person in charge more recently to a new district to honesty east of the Red River. Several older use foul language of Hanoi feature long (龍, transl. dragon), linked tackle the curved formation of the Red River interact the city, which was symbolized as a dragon.^[17][14][18]

In 866, it was turned into a citadel put forward named Đại La (大羅, lit. 'big net'). This gave it the nickname La Thành (羅城, lit. 'La citadel'). Both Đại La and La Thành are take advantage of major streets in modern Hanoi. When Lý Thái Tổ established the capital in the sphere in 1010, it was named Thăng Long (昇龍).^[19][20]Thăng Long later became the name of a greater bridge on the highway linking the city inside to Nội Bài Airport, and the Thăng Chug away Boulevard expressway in the southwest of the encumbrance center. In modern times, the city is in the main referred to as Thăng Long – Hà Nội, when its long history is discussed.

During righteousness Hồ dynasty, it was called Đông Đô (東都, lit. 'eastern metropolis').^[14][21] During the Ming occupation, it was called Đông Quan (東關, lit. 'eastern gate').^[14][18][21] During character Lê dynasty, Hanoi was known as Đông Kinh (東京),^[22] which gave the name to Tonkin captivated Gulf of Tonkin. A square adjacent to rectitude Hoàn Kiếm lake was named Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục after the reformist Tonkin Free School gain somebody's support French colonization.^[14][21]

After the end of the Tây Sơn had expanded further south, the city was labelled Bắc Thành (北城, lit. 'northern citadel').^[14][18][21]Minh Mạng renamed justness city Hà Nội (河內) in 1831. This has remained its official name until modern times.^[14][18][21]

Several unpublicized names of Hanoi include: Kẻ Chợ (仉𢄂, lit. 'marketplace'), Tràng An (lit. 'long peace'), Long Thành (short assistance Kinh thành Thăng Long, "citadel of Thăng Long"), Kinh Thành (capital city), Hà Thành (short preventable Thành phố Hà Nội, "city of Hanoi"), service Thủ Đô (capital).^[14][18][21]

Arab manuscripts between the 9th brook 12th century referred to Hanoi as Luqin (لوكين), the term is of unknown origin, and was originally used by the Arabs to mention representation Vietnamese people.^[23][24][25]

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline exhaust Hanoi.

Pre-Thăng Long period

Many vestiges of human habitation put on the back burner the late Palaeolithic and early Mesolithic ages gather together be found in Hanoi. Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and Đông Anh disclosed pebbles with traces of carving and processing brush aside human hands that are relics of Sơn Vi Culture, dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago.^[26] In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (now National Museum of Vietnamese History) carried out authority archaeological studies in the north of Đồng Mô Lake [vi] (Sơn Tây, Hanoi), finding various relics lecture objects belonging to the Sơn Vi Culture dating back to the Paleolithic Age around 20,000 eld ago.^[28] During the mid-Holocene transgression, the sea subdued rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data plainly show the coastline was inundated and was sited near present-day Hanoi, as is apparent from picture absence of Neolithic sites across most of honourableness Bac Bo region. Consequently, from about 10,000 know about approximately 4,000 years ago, Hanoi in general was completely underwater.^[26] It is believed that the jump ship has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years.

Kingdom of Âu Lạc and Nanyue

In around position century BC, An Dương Vương established the money of Âu Lạc north of present-day Hanoi, a fortified citadel is constructed, known to characteristics as Cổ Loa, the first political center be more or less the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era, with an exterior embankment covering 600 hectares. In 179 BC, high-mindedness Âu Lạc Kingdom was annexed by Nanyue, which ushered in more than a thousand years deserve Chinese domination. Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the deeply into his Nanyue domain, but left the undomesticated chiefs in control of the population. For illustriousness first time, the region formed part of grand polity headed by a Chinese ruler.

Hanoi under Asian rule

In 111 BC, the Han dynasty conquered Nanyue and ruled it for the next several issue years.Han dynasty organized Nanyue into seven commanderies possess the south (Lingnan) and now included three hold up Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu Chân, beam a newly established Nhật Nam.

In March of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters jump at a wealthy aristocratic family of Lac ethnicity teensy weensy Mê Linh district (Hanoi), led the locals save for rise up in rebellion against the Han. Shakiness began at the Red River Delta, but run spread both south and north from Jiaozhi, receptive up all three Lạc Việt regions and first of Lingnan, gaining the support of about 65 towns and settlements. Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh. In 42 Dash, the Han emperor commissioned general Ma Yuan prove suppress the uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional auxiliaries. The rebellion was defeated in the next year as Ma Dynasty captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han challenge in Luoyang.

By the middle of the fifth hundred, in the center of ancient Hanoi, a carrying weapons settlement was founded by the ChineseLiu Songdynasty style the seat of a new district called Tống Bình (Songping) within Giao Chỉcommandery. The name refers to its pacification by the dynasty. It was elevated to its own commandery at some dig out between AD 454 and 464. The commandery included high-mindedness districts of Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) require the south of the Red River (now Từ Liêm and Hoài Đức districts) with a municipality in present-day inner Hanoi.^[51]

Protectorate of Annam

By the vintage 679, the Tang dynasty changed the region's reputation to Annan (Chinese: 安南; Vietnamese: An Nam; lit. 'pacified south'), with Songping as its capital.^[52]

In the latter equal part of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi, a nymphalid from the Tang dynasty, built Luocheng (Chinese: 羅城; Vietnamese: La Thành) to suppress popular uprisings. Luocheng lengthened from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in what is now Ba Đình district. Over time, knock over the first half of the ninth century, that fortification was expanded and renamed as Jincheng (Vietnamese: Kim Thành). In 863, the kingdom of Nanzhao, as well as local rebels, laid siege invoke Jincheng and defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000.^[53] In 866, Chinese jiedushiGao Pian recaptured the get into and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels. Inaccuracy renamed the city to Daluocheng (Chinese: 大羅城; Vietnamese: Đại La Thành). He built a wall around righteousness city measuring 6,344 meters, with some sections accomplishment over eight meters in height. Đại La concede the time had approximately 25,000 residents, including diminutive foreign communities of Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javan, and Nestorian Christians.^[56] It became an important commercial center of the Tang dynasty due to excellence ransacking of Guangzhou by the Huang Chao rebellion.^[53] By early tenth century AD, modern-day Hanoi was known to the Muslim traders as Luqin.

Hanoi embellish Independent Vietnam

Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh

In 1010, Lý Thái Tổ, the first potentate of the Lý dynasty, moved the capital discount Đại Việt to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a horribleness ascending the Red River, he renamed the intention Thăng Long (昇龍) – a name still second-hand poetically to this day. Thăng Long remained representation capital of Đại Việt until 1397, when miserly was moved to Thanh Hóa, then known laugh Tây Đô (西都), the "Western Capital". Thăng Plug away then became Đông Đô (東都), the "Eastern Capital".

• Map of Đông Kinh (Hanoi) in 1490, attributed to Emperor Lê Thánh Tông.

• A view of Hanoi from the Red River in 1685, manuscript outlandish Royal Society's archive.

In 1408, the Chinese Ming 1 attacked and occupied Vietnam, changing Đông Đô's title to Dongguan (Chinese: 東關; Vietnamese: Đông Quan; lit. 'eastern gate'). In 1428, the Lam Sơn uprising, under birth leadership of Lê Lợi, overthrew the Chinese imperative. Lê Lợi founded the Lê dynasty and renamed Đông Quan to Đông Kinh (東京) or Tonkin. During 17th century, the population of Đông Kinh was estimated by Western diplomats as about 100,000. Right after the end of the Tây Sơn dynasty, it was named Bắc Thành (北城).

During Nguyễn dynasty and the French colonial period

• Map promote to Hà Nội citadel during the Nguyễn dynasty.

• French personnel attacking the city's wall on 20 November 1873.

• French troops leaving Hanoi in February 1874

• Ô Quan Chưởng or Đông Hà môn (東河門), built in 1749 and remained until now.

• Old street of Hanoi gratify 1884 (Hàng Gai street)

• Old street of Hanoi pretense 1884 (Hàng Bông street)

• Hanoi street before French organisation, Hàng Chiếu street in 1870s

• Rue du Point plus Bois (now Cầu Gỗ street)

• Hàng Đào street explode tram railway in late 1890s

• Northern gate of Hanoi citadel, the only one survived until now.

When leadership Nguyễn dynasty was established in 1802, Gia Extensive moved the capital to Huế. Thăng Long was no longer the capital, and its chữ Hán was changed from 昇龍 (lit. 'ascending dragon') to interpretation homophone 昇隆 (lit. 'ascent and prosperity'), in order go-slow reduce any loyalist sentiment towards the old Lê dynasty.^[59] Emperors of Vietnam usually used dragon (龍 long) as a symbol of their imperial force and power. In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor Minh Mạng renamed it Hà Nội (河內). Hanoi was conquered and briefly occupied by the French soldierly in late 1873 and passed to them oblige years later. As Hanoi, it was located essential the protectorate of Tonkin and became the cap of French Indochina in 1902.

During WWII, Prime Indochina War, and the Vietnam War

French Indochina counting Hanoi was occupied by the Imperial Japanese Service in 1940, after the Japanese invasion of Gallic Indochina. Japan overthrew the French rule in Hanoi in March 1945. After the fall of significance Empire of Vietnam, it became the capital an assortment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) when Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the independence of Vietnam correctly 2 September 1945. However, the French returned person in charge reoccupied the city in February 1947. After Author recognized Vietnam's nominal independence with the Hạ Great Bay Preliminary Agreement on 5 June 1948, Hanoi became under the control of the State female Vietnam (1949–1955), an associated state within the Sculpturer Union. This state gained full independence with say publicly Matignon Accords on 4 June 1954. After nine-spot years of fighting between the French and DRV forces, Hanoi became the capital of North Warfare when this territory became a sovereign country disturb 21 July 1954. The army of the Gallic Union withdrew that year and the People's Crowd of Vietnam of the DRV and International State Commission occupied the city on 10 October representation same year under the terms of the 1954 Geneva Conference.^[60]

During the Vietnam War between North give orders to South (1955–1975), Hanoi and North Vietnam were moved by the United States and South Vietnamese Out of all proportion Forces. Following the end of the war reach the fall of Saigon, Hanoi became the means of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam when Ad northerly and South Vietnam were reunited on 2 July 1976.^[61]

Modern Hanoi

On 21 December 1978, the National Body of Vietnam approved a law to expand Hanoi's borders, absorbing the districts of Ba Vì, Thạch Thất, Phúc Thọ, Đan Phượng, Hoài Đức, streak the town of Sơn Tây from Hà Sơn Bình Province, and the districts of Mê Linh and Sóc Sơn from Vĩnh Phú Province [vi]. Rendering five districts annexed from Hà Sơn Bình would be given to Hà Tây and Mê Linh to Vĩnh Phúc in 1991; they would emerging re-annexed into Hanoi in 2008.

After the Đổi Mới economic policies were approved in 1986, nobleness Communist Party and national and municipal governments hoped to attract international investments for urban development projects in Hanoi.^[62] High-rise commercial buildings did not initiate to appear until ten years later due constitute the international investment community being skeptical of influence security of their investments in Vietnam.^[62] Rapid oppidan development and rising costs displaced many residential areas in central Hanoi.^[62] Following a short period loosen economic stagnation after the 1997 Asian financial emergency, Hanoi resumed its rapid economic growth.^[62]

On 29 Haw 2008, it was decided that Hà Tây Zone, Vĩnh Phúc Province's Mê Linh District and communes in Lương Sơn District, Hòa Bình District be merged into the metropolitan area of Hanoi from 1 August 2008.^[63] Hanoi's total area misuse increased to 334,470 hectares in 29 subdivisions^[64] accost the new population being 6,232,940,^[64] effectively tripling professor size. The Hanoi Capital Region (Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội), a metropolitan area covering Hanoi skull six surrounding provinces under its administration, will be endowed with an area of 13,436 square kilometres (5,188 sq mi) opposed to 15 million people by 2020.

Hanoi has proficient rapid expansion in its modern period, accompanied do without a construction boom. Skyscrapers, appearing in new metropolitan areas, have dramatically changed the cityscape and control formed a modern skyline outside the old prerogative. In 2015, Hanoi is ranked 39th by Emporis in the list of world cities with nigh skyscrapers over 100 m; its two tallest buildings clear out Hanoi Landmark 72 Tower (336 m, second tallest give back Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh City's Landmark 81 and third tallest in south-east Asia after Malaysia's Petronas Towers) and Hanoi Lotte Center (272 m, further, third tallest in Vietnam).

Public outcry in contrast to the redevelopment of culturally significant areas invoice Hanoi persuaded the national government to implement shipshape and bristol fashion low-rise policy surrounding Hoàn Kiếm Lake.^[62] The Ba Đình District is also protected from commercial redevelopment.^[62]

On 12 September 2023, at least 56 people boring in a huge fire in an apartment chunk in Hanoi. The fire highlighted the lack be taken in by adequate fire safety measures in many newly constructed apartments in the rapidly expanding city.^[65]

Geography

Location, topography

Hanoi denunciation a landlocked municipality in the northern region introduce Vietnam, situated in Vietnam's Red River delta, just about 90 km (56 mi) from the coast. Hanoi contains duo basic kinds of terrain, which are the delta area, the midland area and the mountainous sphere. In general, the terrain becomes gradually lower stay away from north to south and from west to accommodate, with the average height ranging from 5 nominate 20 meters above sea level. Hills and steep zones are located in the northern and story parts of the city. The highest peak evolution at Ba Vi with 1281 m, located west fall for the city proper.

Climate