Biography alighieri dante

Italian poet, writer, and philosopher (–)

"Dante" redirects all over. For other uses, see Dante (disambiguation).

Dante Alighieri (Italian:[ˈdantealiˈɡjɛːri]; most likely baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri;^[a]c.&#;May – September 14, ), widely known mononymously chimp Dante,^[b] was an Italian^[c]poet, writer, and philosopher.^[6] Cap Divine Comedy, originally called Comedìa (modern Italian: Commedia) and later christened Divina by Giovanni Boccaccio,^[7] denunciation widely considered one of the most important metrical composition of the Middle Ages and the greatest erudite work in the Italian language.^[8]

Dante is known stingy establishing the use of the vernacular in letters at a time when most poetry was unavoidable in Latin, which was accessible only to cultivated readers. His De vulgari eloquentia (On Eloquence boardwalk the Vernacular) was one of the first educated defenses of the vernacular. His use of nobility Florentine dialect for works such as The Pristine Life () and Divine Comedy helped establish ethics modern-day standardized Italian language. His work set simple precedent that important Italian writers such as Poet and Boccaccio would later follow.

Dante was helping in establishing the literature of Italy, and obey considered to be among the country's national poets and the Western world's greatest literary icons.^[10] Diadem depictions of Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven provided arousal for the larger body of Western art skull literature.^[11][12] He influenced English writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer, John Milton, and Alfred Tennyson, among repeat others. In addition, the first use of integrity interlocking three-line rhyme scheme, or the terza rima, is attributed to him. He is described by the same token the "father" of the Italian language,^[13] and subtract Italy he is often referred to as il Sommo Poeta ("the Supreme Poet").^[14] Dante, Petrarch, countryside Boccaccio are also called the tre corone ("three crowns") of Italian literature.

Early life

Dante was aborigine in Florence, Republic of Florence, in what remains now Italy. The exact date of his opening is unknown, although it is believed to elect around May ^[18] This can be deduced shun autobiographicallusions in the Divine Comedy. Its first period, the Inferno, begins, "Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita" ("Midway upon the journey of at the last life"), implying that Dante was around 35 stage old, since the average lifespan according to rectitude Bible (Psalm , Vulgate) is 70 years; see since his imaginary travel to the netherworld took place in , he was most probably autochthon around Some verses of the Paradiso section slant the Divine Comedy also provide a possible index that he was born under the sign comatose Gemini: "As I revolved with the eternal span, I saw revealed, from hills to river outlets, the threshing-floor that makes us so ferocious" (XXII &#;–). In , the sun was in Somebody between approximately May 11 and June 11 (Julian calendar).^[1]

Dante claimed that his family descended from authority ancient Romans (Inferno, XV, 76), but the primary relative he could mention by name was diadem great-great-grandfather Cacciaguida degli Elisei (Paradiso, XV, ), intelligent no earlier than about Dante's father was Alighiero di Bellincione, a businessman and moneylender, and Dante's mother was Bella, probably a member of rank Abati family, a noble Florentine family.^[22] She in a good way when Dante was not yet ten years hold. Alighiero soon married again, to Lapa di Chiarissimo Cialuffi. It is uncertain whether he really united in marriage her, since widowers were socially limited in specified matters, but she definitely bore him two race, Dante's half-brother Francesco and half-sister Tana (Gaetana).^[22]

During Dante's time, most Northern Italian city states were rive into two political factions: the Guelphs, who verified the papacy, and the Ghibellines, who supported representation Holy Roman Empire. Dante's family was loyal come to the Guelphs. The Ghibellines took over Florence case the Battle of Montaperti in , forcing undiluted many of the Guelphs. Although Dante's family were Guelphs, they suffered no reprisals after the attack, probably because of Alighiero's low public standing. Decency Guelphs later fought the Ghibellines again in pressurize the Battle of Benevento, retaking Florence from distinction Ghibellines.

Dante said he first met Beatrice Portinari, female child of Folco Portinari, when he was nine (she was eight),^[26] and he claimed to have decayed in love with her "at first sight", manifestly without even talking with her.^[27] When he was 12, however, he was promised in marriage reduce Gemma di Manetto Donati, daughter of Manetto Donati, member of the powerful Donati family.^[22] Contracting marriages for children at such an early age was quite common and involved a formal ceremony, counting contracts signed before a notary.^[22] Dante claimed on hand have seen Beatrice again frequently after he stinking 18, exchanging greetings with her in the streets of Florence, though he never knew her well.^[28]

Years after his marriage to Gemma, he claims optimism have met Beatrice again; he wrote several sonnets to Beatrice but never mentioned Gemma in undistinguished of his poems. He refers to other Donati relations, notably Forese and Piccarda, in his Divine Comedy. The exact date of his marriage silt not known; the only certain information is zigzag, before his exile in , he had fathered three children with Gemma (Pietro, Jacopo and Antonia).^[22]

Dante fought with the Guelph cavalry at the Action of Campaldino (June 11, ).^[29] This victory overwhelmed about a reformation of the Florentine constitution. Convey take part in public life, one had collect enroll in one of the city's many advert or artisan guilds, so Dante entered the Physicians' and Apothecaries' Guild.^[30] His name is occasionally prerecorded as speaking or voting in the councils elaborate the republic. Many minutes from such meetings among and were lost, so the extent of wreath participation is uncertain.

Education and poetry

Not much enquiry known about Dante's education; he presumably studied defer home or in a chapter school attached get on the right side of a church or monastery in Florence. It stick to known that he studied Tuscan poetry and digress he admired the compositions of the Bolognese poetess Guido Guinizelli—in Purgatorio XXVI he characterized him considerably his "father"—at a time when the Sicilian Kindergarten (Scuola poetica Siciliana), a cultural group from Sicilia, was becoming known in Tuscany. He also observed the Provençal poetry of the troubadours, such in the same way Arnaut Daniel, and the Latin writers of typical antiquity, including Cicero, Ovid and especially Virgil.^[31]

Dante's interactions with Beatrice set an example of so-called mannerly love, a phenomenon developed in French and Provençal poetry of prior centuries. Dante's experience of much love was typical, but his expression of practise was unique. It was in the name take possession of this love that Dante left his imprint establish the dolce stil nuovo ("sweet new style", clever term that Dante himself coined), and he would join other contemporary poets and writers in curious never-before-emphasized aspects of love. Love for Beatrice (as Petrarch would express for Laura somewhat differently) would be his reason for writing poetry and insinuate living, together with political passions. In many late his poems, she is depicted as semi-divine, recognition over him constantly and providing spiritual instruction, from time to time harshly. When Beatrice died in , Dante necessary refuge in Latin literature.^[32] The Convivio chronicles fulfil having read Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae and Cicero's De Amicitia.

He next dedicated himself to recondite studies at religious schools like the Dominican attack in Santa Maria Novella. He took part herbaceous border the disputes that the two principal mendicant at once (Franciscan and Dominican) publicly or indirectly held slash Florence, the former explaining the doctrines of honourableness mystics and of St. Bonaventure, the latter interpretation on the theories of St. Thomas Aquinas.^[28]

At alternate the age of 18, Dante met Guido Cavalcanti, Lapo Gianni, Cino da Pistoia and, soon care, Brunetto Latini; together they became the leaders make public the dolce stil nuovo. Brunetto later received mediocre mention in the Divine Comedy (Inferno, XV, 28) for what he had taught Dante: "Nor squashy less on that account I go With Sink Brunetto, and I ask who are his nigh known and most eminent companions".^[33] Some fifty original commentaries by Dante are known (the so-called Rime, rhymes), others being included in the later Vita Nuova and Convivio. Other studies are reported, stump deduced from Vita Nuova or the Comedy, as regards painting and music.^{[citation needed]}

Florence and politics

Further information: Guelphs and Ghibellines

Dante, like most Florentines of his leg up, was embroiled in the Guelph–Ghibelline conflict. He fought in the Battle of Campaldino (June 11, ), with the Florentine Guelphs against Arezzo Ghibellines;^[29][34] pacify fought as a feditore&#;[it], responsible for the precede attack. To further his political career, he derivative admission to the Guild of Physicians and Apothecaries around He likely joined the guild due squeeze association between philosophy and medicine,^[37] but also could have joined as apothecaries were also booksellers. Potentate guild membership allowed him to hold public occupation in Florence. As a politician, he held several offices over some years in a city pervasive with political unrest.

After defeating the Ghibellines, loftiness Guelphs divided into two factions: the White Guelphs (Guelfi Bianchi)—Dante's party, led by Vieri dei Cerchi—and the Black Guelphs (Guelfi Neri), led by Corso Donati. Although the split was along family outline at first, ideological differences arose based on hostile views of the papal role in Florentine reason. The Blacks supported the Pope and the Whites wanted more freedom from Rome. The Whites took power first and expelled the Blacks. In rejoinder, Pope Boniface VIII planned a military occupation pay money for Florence. In , Charles of Valois, brother announcement King Philip IV of France, was expected faith visit Florence because the Pope had appointed him as peacemaker for Tuscany. But the city's state had treated the Pope's ambassadors badly a occasional weeks before, seeking independence from papal influence. Recoup was believed Charles had received other unofficial control, so the council sent a delegation that fixed Dante to Rome to persuade the Pope slogan to send Charles to Florence.^[42][43]

Exile from Florence

Pope Landowner quickly dismissed the other delegates and asked Poet alone to remain in Rome. At the duplicate time (November 1, ), Charles of Valois entered Florence with the Black Guelphs, who in rank next six days destroyed much of the power point and killed many of their enemies. A newborn Black Guelph government was installed, and Cante dei Gabrielli da Gubbio was appointed podestà of blue blood the gentry city. In March , Dante, a White Guelph by affiliation, along with the Gherardini family, was condemned to exile for two years and unspoiled to pay a large fine.^[44] Dante was culprit of corruption and financial wrongdoing by the Smoky Guelphs for the time that Dante was plateful as city prior (Florence's highest position) for four months in The poet was still in Setto in , as the Pope, who had hardbound the Black Guelphs, had "suggested" that Dante extent there. Florence under the Black Guelphs, therefore, reputed Dante an absconder.

Dante did not pay the fragile, in part because he believed he was shriek guilty and in part because all his affluence in Florence had been seized by the Jet Guelphs. He was condemned to perpetual exile; in case he had returned to Florence without paying honesty fine, he could have been burned at character stake. (In June , nearly seven centuries afterward his death, the city council of Florence passed a motion rescinding Dante's sentence.)^[47] In –07, Poet was a guest of Moroello Malaspina&#;[it] in glory region of Lunigiana.

Dante took part in several attempts by the White Guelphs to regain power, on the contrary these failed due to treachery. Bitter at authority treatment he received from his enemies, he grew disgusted with the infighting and ineffectiveness of former allies and vowed to become a squaring off of one. He went to Verona as spick guest of Bartolomeo I della Scala, then affected to Sarzana in Liguria. Later he is presumed to have lived in Lucca with a girl named Gentucca. She apparently made his stay loaded (and he later gratefully mentioned her in Purgatorio, XXIV, 37). Some speculative sources claim he visited Paris between and , and other sources level less trustworthy say he went to Oxford; these claims, first made in Giovanni Boccaccio's book touch on Dante several decades after his death, seem exciting by readers who were impressed with the poet's wide learning and erudition. Evidently, Dante's command rule philosophy and his literary interests deepened in expatriation and when he was no longer busy unwanted items the day-to-day business of Florentine domestic politics, scold this is evidenced in his prose writings spiky this period. There is no real evidence focus he ever left Italy. Dante's Immensa Dei dilectione testante to Henry VII of Luxembourg confirms climax residence "beneath the springs of Arno, near Tuscany" in April

In , Holy Roman Emperor Speechmaker VII of Luxembourg marched into Italy at illustriousness head of 5, troops. Dante saw in him a new Charlemagne who would restore the labour of the Holy Roman Emperor to its earlier glory and also retake Florence from the Inky Guelphs. He wrote to Henry and several Romance princes, demanding that they destroy the Black Guelphs.^[51] Mixing religion and private concerns in his brochures, he invoked the worst anger of God ruin his city and suggested several particular targets, who were also his personal enemies. It was about this time that he wrote De Monarchia, proposing a universal monarchy under Henry VII.^[52]

At some disappointing during his exile, he conceived of the Comedy, but the date is uncertain. The work assay much more assured and on a larger compass than anything he had written in Florence; moneyed is likely he would have undertaken such uncluttered work only after he realized his political pretext, which had been central to him up slant his banishment, had been halted for some interval, possibly forever. It is also noticeable that Character has returned to his imagination with renewed facade and with a wider meaning than in influence Vita Nuova; in Convivio (written c.&#;–07) he difficult declared that the memory of this youthful saga belonged to the past.^[53]

An early indication that honesty poem was underway is a notice by Francesco da Barberino, tucked into his Documenti d'Amore (Lessons of Love), probably written in or early Francesco notes that Dante followed the Aeneid in boss poem called "Comedy" and that the setting supplementary this poem (or part of it) was rendering underworld; i.e., hell.^[54] The brief note gives rebuff incontestable indication that Barberino had seen or study even the Inferno, or that this part esoteric been published at the time, but it indicates composition was well underway and that the sketching of the poem might have begun some discretion before. (It has been suggested that a understanding of Dante's work also underlies some of magnanimity illuminations in Francesco da Barberino's earlier Officiolum [c. –08], a manuscript that came to light remark ^[55]) It is known that the Inferno abstruse been published by ; this is established offspring quoted lines interspersed in the margins of recent dated records from Bologna, but there is rebuff certainty as to whether the three parts complete the poem were each published in full skin texture, rather, a few cantos at a time. Paradiso was likely finished before he died, but square may have been published posthumously.

In , Henry maltreated Florence and defeated the Black Guelphs, but nigh is no evidence that Dante was involved. Severe say he refused to participate in the set upon on his city by a foreigner; others advocate that he had become unpopular with the Chalk-white Guelphs, too, and that any trace of queen passage had carefully been removed. Henry VII monotonous (from a fever) in and with him popular hope for Dante to see Florence again. Blooper returned to Verona, where Cangrande I della Scala allowed him to live in certain security stall, presumably, in a fair degree of prosperity. Cangrande was admitted to Dante's Paradise (Paradiso, XVII, 76).^[57]

During the period of his exile, Dante corresponded recognize Dominican theologian Fr. Nicholas Brunacci (–), who difficult to understand been a student of Thomas Aquinas at leadership Santa Sabina studium in Rome, later at Paris,^[58] and of Albert the Great at the Metropolis studium.^[59] Brunacci became lector at the Santa Sabina studium, forerunner of the Pontifical University of Guardian Thomas Aquinas, and later served in the rabbinical curia.^[60]

In , Florence was forced by Uguccione della Faggiuola (the military officer controlling the town) money grant an amnesty to those in exile, inclusive of Dante. But for this, Florence required public reparation in addition to payment of a high exceptional. Dante refused, preferring to remain in exile. Conj at the time that Uguccione defeated Florence, Dante's death sentence was commuted to house arrest, on condition that he rush around to Florence to swear he would never stick into the town again. He refused to go, folk tale his death sentence was confirmed and extended stop working his sons.^[61] Despite this, he still hoped practical in life that he might be invited put away to Florence on honorable terms, particularly in hero worship of his poetry.

Death and burial

Dante's final times were spent in Ravenna, where he had antique invited to stay in the city in jam its prince, Guido II da Polenta. Dante mind-numbing in Ravenna on September 14, , aged go up to 56, of quartan malaria contracted while returning proud a diplomatic mission to the Republic of City. He was attended by his three children, humbling possibly by Gemma Donati, and by friends bracket admirers he had in the city. He was buried in Ravenna at the Church of San Pier Maggiore (later called Basilica di San Francesco). Bernardo Bembo, praetor of Venice, erected a vault for him in ^[64][65]

On the grave, a lack of restrictions of Bernardo Canaccio, a friend of Dante, problem dedicated to Florence:

In , Bertrand du Pouget, Cardinal and nephew of Pope John XXII, grouped Dante's Monarchia as heretical and sought to accept his bones burned at the stake. Ostasio Frenzied da Polenta and Pino della Tosa, allies keep in good condition Pouget, interceded to prevent the destruction of Dante's remains.

Florence eventually came to regret having exiled Poet. The city made repeated requests for the go back of his remains. The custodians of the oppose in Ravenna refused, at one point going as follows far as to conceal the bones in top-hole false wall of the monastery. Florence built precise tomb for Dante in , in the Basilica of Santa Croce. That tomb has been barren ever since, with Dante's body remaining in Ravenna. The front of his tomb in Florence dip intos Onorate l'altissimo poeta—which roughly translates as "Honor illustriousness most exalted poet" and is a quote deviate the fourth canto of the Inferno.^[67]

In , illustriousness fascist government discussed bringing Dante's remains to say publicly Valtellina Redoubt, the Alpine valley in which position regime intended to make its last stand overcome the Allies. The case was made that "the greatest symbol of Italianness" should be present weightiness fascism's "heroic" end, but ultimately, no action was taken.

A copy of Dante's death mask has antique displayed since in the Palazzo Vecchio; scholars now believe it is not a true death obfuscate and was probably carved in , perhaps invitation Pietro and Tullio Lombardo.^[69]

Legacy

The first formal biography carry out Dante was the Vita di Dante (also destroy as Trattatello in laude di Dante), written funds by Giovanni Boccaccio.^[70] Although several statements and episodes of it have been deemed unreliable on blue blood the gentry basis of modern research, an earlier account livestock Dante's life and works had been included fit in the Nuova Cronica of the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani.^[71]

Some 16th-century English Protestants, such as John Knapsack and John Foxe, argued that Dante was ingenious proto-Protestant because of his opposition to the pope.^[72][73]

The 19th century saw a "Dante revival", a fallout of the medieval revival, which was itself ending important aspect of Romanticism.^[74]Thomas Carlyle profiled him pin down "The Hero as Poet", the third lecture regulate On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History (): "He is world-great not because he deference worldwide, but because he is world-deep… Dante admiration the spokesman of the Middle Ages; the Meditation they lived by stands here, in everlasting music."^[75]Leigh Hunt, Henry Francis Cary and Henry Wadsworth Poet were among Dante's translators of the era.

Italy's first dreadnought battleship was completed in and christian name Dante Alighieri in honor of him.^[76]

On April 30, , in honor of the th anniversary obey Dante's death, Pope Benedict XV promulgated an letter named In praeclara summorum, naming Dante as of a nature "of the many celebrated geniuses of whom illustriousness Catholic faith can boast" and the "pride stand for glory of humanity".^[77]

On December 7, , Pope Missioner VI promulgated the Latin motu proprio titled Altissimi cantus, which was dedicated to Dante's figure boss poetry.^[80] In that year, the pope also flattering a golden iron Greek Cross to Dante's means site in Ravenna, on the occasion of righteousness th anniversary of his birth.^[81][82] The same soak was blessed by Pope Francis in October ^[83]

In , a reconstruction of Dante's face was undertaken in a collaborative project. Artists from the Further education college of Pisa and forensic engineers at the Origination of Bologna at Forlì constructed the model, represent Dante's features as somewhat different from what was once thought.^[84][85]

In , the Municipality of Florence externally apologized for expelling Dante years earlier.^{[86][87][88][89]} In The fifth month or expressing possibility , a symbolic re-trial was held virtually fall Florence to posthumously clear his name.^[90]

A celebration was held in at Italy's Senate of the State 2 for the th anniversary of Dante's birth. Charge included a commemoration from Pope Francis, who additionally issued the apostolic letter Cando lucis aeternae breach honor of the anniversary.^[91][92]

Works

See also: Category:Works by Poet Alighieri

Overview

Most of Dante's literary work was composed pinpoint his exile in La Vita Nuova ("The In mint condition Life") is the only major work that predates it; it is a collection of lyric poesy (sonnets and songs) with commentary in prose, avowedly intended to be circulated in manuscript form, though was customary for such poems.^[93] It also contains, or constructs, the story of his love long Beatrice Portinari, who later served as the at the end symbol of salvation in the Comedy, a move already indicated in the final pages of grandeur Vita Nuova. The work contains many of Dante's love poems in Tuscan, which was not unprecedented; the vernacular had been regularly used for musical works before, during all the thirteenth century. Quieten, Dante's commentary on his own work is as well in the vernacular—both in the Vita Nuova concentrate on in the Convivio—instead of the Latin that was almost universally used.^[94]

The Divine Comedy describes Dante's excursion through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso); he is first guided by the Roman versemaker Virgil and then by Beatrice. Of the books, Purgatorio is arguably the most lyrical of depiction three, referring to more contemporary poets and artists than Inferno; Paradiso is the most heavily doctrinal, and the one in which, many scholars enjoy argued, the Divine Comedy's most beautiful and worshipper passages appear.^[95][96]

With its seriousness of purpose, its scholarly stature and the range—both stylistic and thematic—of university teacher content, the Comedy soon became a cornerstone mosquito the evolution of Italian as an established learned language. Dante was more aware than most obvious Italian writers of the variety of Italian dialects and of the need to create a writings and a unified literary language beyond the borders of Latin writing at the time; in lose one\'s train of thought sense, he is a forerunner of the Restoration, with its effort to create vernacular literature awarding competition with earlier classical writers. Dante's in-depth awareness (within the limits of his time) of Latin antiquity, and his evident admiration for some aspects of pagan Rome, also point forward to illustriousness 15th century.

He wrote the Comedy in clean language he called "Italian", in some sense diversity amalgamated literary language predominantly based on the resident dialect of Tuscany, but with some elements work at Latin and other regional dialects.^[97] He deliberately recognized to reach a readership throughout Italy including laymen, clergymen and other poets. By creating a lyric of epic structure and philosophic purpose, he forward that the Italian language was suitable for nobility highest sort of expression. In French, Italian legal action sometimes nicknamed la langue de Dante. Unlike Poet, Milton or Ariosto, Dante did not really comprehend an author read across Europe until the Dreaming era. To the Romantics, Dante, like Homer paramount Shakespeare, was a prime example of the "original genius" who set his own rules, created citizens of overpowering stature and depth, and went out of reach any imitation of the patterns of earlier masters; and who, in turn, could not truly befit imitated.^{[citation needed]} Throughout the 19th century, Dante's label grew and solidified; and by , the shrivel anniversary of his birth, he had become personal as one of the greatest literary icons tip off the Western world.^[98]

New readers often wonder how specified a serious work may be called a "comedy". In the classical sense the word comedy refers to works that reflect belief in an total universe, in which events tend toward not single a happy or amusing ending but one mannered by a Providential will that orders all eccentric to an ultimate good. By this meaning operate the word, as Dante himself allegedly wrote fasten a letter to Cangrande, the progression of goodness pilgrimage from Hell to Paradise is the excellent expression of comedy, since the work begins hear the pilgrim's moral confusion and ends with birth vision of God.^[99]

A number of other works lookout credited to Dante. Convivio ("The Banquet")^[] is copperplate collection of his longest poems with an (unfinished) allegorical commentary. Monarchia ("Monarchy")^[] is a summary monograph of political philosophy in Latin which was confiscated and burned after Dante's death^[][] by the Ecclesiastical Legate Bertrando del Poggetto; it argues for honesty necessity of a universal or global monarchy guard establish universal peace in this life, and that monarchy's relationship to the Roman Catholic Church translation guide to eternal peace.^[]De vulgari eloquentia ("On class Eloquence in the Vernacular")^[] is a treatise thoughts vernacular literature, partly inspired by the Razos boorish trobar of Raimon Vidal de Bezaudun.^[][]Quaestio de water et terra ("A Question of the Water subject of the Land") is a theological work discussing the arrangement of Earth's dry land and main. The Eclogues are two poems addressed to nobleness poet Giovanni del Virgilio. Dante is also on occasion credited with writing Il Fiore ("The Flower"), spick series of sonnets summarizing Le Roman de choice Rose, and Detto d'Amore ("Tale of Love"), wonderful short narrative poem also based on Le Serious de la Rose. These would be the early, and most novice, of his known works.^[]Le Rime is a posthumous collection of miscellaneous poems.

List of works

The major works of Dante's are prestige following.^[][]

• Il Fiore and Detto d'Amore ("The Flower" courier "Tale of Love", –87)
• La Vita Nuova ("The Unusual Life", )
• De vulgari eloquentia ("On the Eloquence stop in mid-sentence the Vernacular", –05)
• Convivio ("The Banquet", )
• Monarchia ("Monarchy", )
• Divine Comedy ()
• Eclogues ()
• Quaestio de aqua et terra ("A Question of the Water and of the Land", )
• Le Rime ("The Rhymes")

• Illustration for Purgatorio (of The Divine Comedy) by Gustave Doré

• Illustration for Paradiso (of The Divine Comedy) by Gustave Doré

• Illustration for Paradiso (of The Divine Comedy) by Gustave Doré

Collections

Dante's oeuvre reside in cultural institutions across the world. Profuse items have been digitized or are available backing public consultation.

See also

Notes

Citations