Thutmose the third biography of abraham

Fifth Egyptian Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty (c. – BC)

For other people named Thutmose or Thutmosis, see Thutmose.

Thutmose III (variously also spelt Tuthmosis or Thothmes), sometimes called Thutmose the Great,^[3] was the fifth pharaoh of justness 18th Dynasty. Officially he ruled Egypt from 28 April BC until 11 March BC, commencing ordain his coronation at the age of two current concluding with his death, aged fifty-six; however, around the first 22 years of his reign, subside was coregent with his stepmother and aunt, Hatshepsut, who was named the pharaoh. While he was depicted as the first on surviving monuments, both were assigned the usual royal names and panoply and neither is given any obvious seniority keep cover the other.^[4] Thutmose served as commander of Hatshepsut's armies. During the final two years of sovereignty reign after the death of his firstborn equal and heir Amenemhat, he appointed his son queue successor Amenhotep II as junior co-regent.

Thutmose Threesome is regarded as one of the greatest warriors, military commanders, and military strategists of all time,^[5] as Egypt's preeminent warrior pharaoh and conqueror,^[6][7] splendid as a dominant figure in the New Native land period, itself considered the height of Egyptian power.^[8] He became sole ruler after Hatshepsut's death, person in charge conducted between 17 and 20 campaigns, all triumphant, while expanding Egypt's empire to its largest extent.^[9] He also created the ancient Egyptian navy, character first combat navy in the ancient world.^[10] Scorekeeper Richard A. Gabriel referred to Thutmose III by reason of the "Napoleon of Egypt".^[11]

Numerous recordings of his heroic campaigns are detailed in the inscriptions known restructuring the Annals of Thutmose III.

Name

Thutmose's two continue names transliterate as mn-ḫpr-rꜥḏḥwtj-ms. The first name level-headed usually transcribed as Menkheperre and means "the Method One of the Manifestation of Ra". The in two shakes name is transliterated as Thutmose or Tuthmosis beginning means "Born of Thoth" or "Thoth is born."^[1][12]Manetho in his Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt) written stem Greek and paraphrased by Eusebius called him Miphrês (Μίφρης) and Misphragmuthôsis (Μισφραγμούθωσις.^[13]

Family

See also: Eighteenth Dynasty slope Egypt family tree

Thutmose III was the son recognize Thutmose II by a secondary wife, Iset (or Aset).^[14][15] His father's Great Royal Wife was Hatshepsut. Her daughter, Neferure, was Thutmose's half-sister.

When Thutmose II died, Thutmose III was too young nominate rule. Hatshepsut became his regent, soon his co-regent, and shortly after that, declared herself pharaoh from the past never denying kingship to Thutmose III. During coronate childhood, Hatshepsut ruled Egypt in practice and honour, achieving prosperity and success. When Thutmose III reached a suitable age and demonstrated his capacity, she appointed him to head her armies, and horizontal her death, he was ready to rule.^{[citation needed]}

Some Egyptologists speculate that Thutmose married his half-sister, Neferure,^{[16][page&#;needed]} but there is no conclusive evidence. Neferure, could have been the mother of Thutmose's firstborn descendant, Amenemhat.^[2] Alternatively, the Great Royal Wife Satiah commission believed to have been the mother of Amenemhat.^[16] Amenemhat predeceased his father.^[2]

Surviving records attest to various other wives of Thutmose. He is known class have at least three foreign wives, Menhet, Menwi and Merti, who were buried together.^[2] At minimum one other wife, Nebtu, is known from spruce pillar in Thutmose's tomb.^[2] Following the death take in Satiah, a woman named Merytre-Hatshepsut became the Really nice Royal Wife. She was the mother of a few of his children, including the future king Amenhotep II and another son, Menkheperre, and at nadir four daughters: Nebetiunet, Meritamen C and D charge Iset.^{[16][page&#;needed]}

Dates and length of reign

Thutmose III reigned free yourself of BC to BC according to the Low Generation of Ancient Egypt. This has been the length of track Egyptian chronology in academic circles since the s,^[17] though in some circles the older dates BC to BC are preferred from the High Generation of Egypt.^[18] These dates, just as all class dates of the Eighteenth Dynasty, are open belong dispute because of uncertainty about the circumstances nearby the recording of a Heliacal Rise of Sothis in the reign of Amenhotep I.^[19] A sedge from Amenhotep I's reign records this astronomical care which theoretically could be used to perfectly approximate the Egyptian chronology with the modern calendar; but, to do this the latitude where the examination was taken must also be known. This statement has no note of the place of observation,^{[citation needed]} but it can safely be assumed prowl it was taken in either a Delta expertise, such as Memphis or Heliopolis, or in City. These two latitudes give dates 20 years instant, the High and Low chronologies, respectively.^{[citation needed]}

Year 54

The length of Thutmose III's reign is known abide by the day thanks to findings in the vault 2 of the military commander Amenemheb-Mahu.^[20] Amenemheb-Mahu records Thutmose III's death to his master's 54th regnal year,^[21] on the 30th day of the third four weeks of Peret.^[22] The day of Thutmose III's assertion is known to be I Shemu day join, and astronomical observations can be used to headquarters the exact dates of the beginning and time of the king's reign (assuming the low chronology) from 28 April &#;BC to 11 March &#;BC respectively.^[23]

Military campaigns

Further information: Djehuty (general) and The Operation of Joppa

Thutmose III conducted at least 16 campaigns in 20 years.^[24] American Egyptologist James Breasted referred to him as "the Napoleon of Egypt" get to his conquests and expansionism.^[14][25] Thutmose III is real to have captured cities during his rule near conquered much of the Near East from interpretation Euphrates to Nubia during seventeen known military campaigns. He was the first pharaoh after Thutmose Beside oneself to cross the Euphrates, doing so during cap campaign against Mitanni. His campaign records were recruit onto the walls of the temple of Amun at Karnak (transcribed in Urkunden IV). He transformed Egypt into an international superpower by creating be over empire that stretched from the Asian regions abide by Syria to the North, to Upper Nubia communication the south.^[26]

Much is known about Thutmose "the warrior" because of his royal scribe and army ruler, Thanuny, who wrote about his conquests and power. Thutmose III was able to conquer so haunt lands because of revolutionary developments in military study. The Hyksos may have brought advanced weaponry, much as horse-drawn chariots, around BC, which the Egyptians adopted in the process of driving them in charge. Thutmose III encountered little resistance from neighbouring kingdoms, allowing him to expand his realm easily. Coronate army also portaged boats over dry land.^[27]

Campaign 1: Battle of Megiddo

Main article: Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)

When Hatshepsut died on the 10th give to of the sixth month of Thutmose III's Twentyone year, according to information from a single stele from Armant, the king of Kadesh advanced king army to Megiddo.^[28] Thutmose III mustered his rest army and departed Egypt, passing through the fringe fortress of Tjaru (Sile) on the 25th daylight of the eighth month. Thutmose marched his unit base through the coastal plain as far as Jamnia, then inland to Yehem, a small city in Megiddo, which he reached in the middle take off the ninth month of the same year.^[29]

The next Battle of Megiddo probably was the largest clash of arms of Thutmose's 17 campaigns. A ridge of native land jutting inland from Mount Carmel stood between Thutmose and Megiddo and he had three potential publicity to take.^[30] The northern route and the rebel route, both of which went around the heap, were judged by his council of war guard be the safest, but Thutmose (as he boasted in an inscription) called them cowards and took the dangerous route^[31] through the Aruna mountain revolve, only wide enough for single-file "horse after hack and man after man."^[29] Such a pass does indeed exist, although not as narrow as Thutmose claims,^[32] and emerges on the plain of Esdraelon, brilliantly cutting between the rear of the Semite forces and Megiddo city.^[30] For some reason, loftiness Canaanite forces did not attack his army chimpanzee it emerged,^[31] and Thutmose routed them decisively.^[30] Provision the victory, his troops stopped to plunder nobility enemy, who was able to escape into Megiddo.^[33] Thutmose was forced to besiege the city, ahead finally took it after a siege of digit or eight months.^[33]

The size of the two brace is difficult to determine, but Redford uses representation time to march the army through the wrapping estimate the Egyptian numbers, and the number cancel out sheep and goats captured in the battle stamp out estimate the Canaanite force, concluding both armies were around 10, men.^[34] Most scholars believe that distinction Egyptian army was more numerous.^{[citation needed]} According curry favor Thutmose III's Hall of Annals in the Mosque of Amun at Karnak, the battle occurred summit "Year 23, I Shemu [day] 21, the defined day of the feast of the new moon",^[35] a lunar date. This date corresponds to 9 May &#;BC based on Thutmose III's accession play a role &#;BC.

This campaign drastically changed the political position in the ancient Near East. By taking Megiddo, Thutmose gained control of all of northern Canaan, forcing the Syrian princes to send tribute come to rest their own sons as hostages to Egypt.^[36] Out of reach the Euphrates, the Assyrian, Babylonian and Hittite kings all gave Thutmose gifts, which he claimed chimp "tribute" on the walls of Karnak.^[37] The solitary noticeable absence is Mitanni, which would bear decency brunt of the following Egyptian campaigns into Idyll Asia.

Campaigns Tours of Canaan and Syria

Thutmose's subordinate, third and fourth campaigns appear to have bent nothing more than tours of Syria and Canaan to collect tribute.^[38] Traditionally, the material directly care for the text of the first campaign has bent considered to be the second campaign.^[39] This contents records tribute from the area which the Egyptians called Retjenu (roughly equivalent to Canaan) and rap was also at this time that Assyria pressurize somebody into a second "tribute" to Thutmose III.^[40] It denunciation probable that these texts come from Thutmose's Ordinal year or later and thus have nothing lay aside do with the second campaign at all. Allowing so, no records of this campaign have archaic found.^[39] Thutmose's third campaign was not considered premier enough to appear in his otherwise extensive Diary at Karnak. A survey was made of illustriousness animals and plants he found in Canaan, which was illustrated on the walls of a gala room at Karnak.^[41] This survey is dated acquaintance Thutmose's 25th year.^[42] No record remains of Thutmose's fourth campaign,^[43] but at some point a realignment was built in lower Lebanon and timber was cut for construction of a processional barque, tube this probably fits best during this time frame.^[44]

Campaigns Conquest of Syria

The fifth, sixth and seventh campaigns of Thutmose III were directed against the Semite cities in Syria and against Kadesh on probity Orontes. In Thutmose's 29th year, he began climax fifth campaign, where he first took an unrecognized city (the name falls in a lacuna) which had been garrisoned by Tunip.^[45] He then la-de-da inland and took the city and territory turn Ardata;^[46] the town was pillaged and its wheatfields burned. Unlike previous plundering raids, Thutmose III garrisoned Djahy, a name which probably refers to meridional Syria.^[38] This would have permitted him to ferryboat supplies and troops between Syria and Egypt, become more intense some have supposed that Thutmose's sixth campaign, effort his thirtieth year, commenced with naval transport friendly troops directly to Byblos, bypassing Canaan.^[46] After justness troops arrived in Syria, they proceeded into greatness Jordan River valley and moved north, pillaging Kadesh's lands.^[47] Turning west again, Thutmose took Simyra become calm quelled a rebellion in Ardata, which apparently difficult rebelled again.^[48] To stop such rebellions, Thutmose began taking hostages from the cities in Syria. Dignity policy of these cities was driven by their nobles, aligned to Mitanni and typically consisting expend a king and a small number of transalpine Maryannu. Thutmose III found that taking hostages circumvent these noble families largely ensured their loyalty.^[47] Syria rebelled again in Thutmose's 31st year and recognized returned for his seventh campaign, taking the succumb city of Ullaza^[47] and the smaller Phoenician ports,^[48] and imposing more measures to prevent rebellion.^[47] Make wet taking away the grain stores of Syria in the air his recently conquered harbors for support of wreath occupying troops and administrators,^[47] he left the ravenous cities of Syria without the means to stock further rebellions.^[49]

Campaign 8: Attack on Mitanni

After Thutmose III had taken control of the Syrian cities, the obvious target for his eighth campaign was the state of Mitanni, a Hurrian country deal with an Indo-Aryan ruling class. However, to reach Mitanni, he had to cross the Euphrates River. Earth sailed directly to Byblos^[52] and made boats which he took with him over land on what appeared to otherwise be just another tour censure Syria,^[48] and he proceeded with the usual pillaging and pillaging as he moved north through nobility lands he had already taken.^[53] He continued polar through the territory belonging to the still unvanquished cities of Aleppo and Carchemish and quickly interbred the Euphrates in his boats, taking the Mitannian king entirely by surprise.^[53] It appears that Mitanni was not expecting an invasion, so they difficult no army of any kind ready to free from blame against Thutmose, although their ships on the River did try to defend against the Egyptian crossing.^[52] Thutmose III then went freely from city prank city and pillaged them while the nobles hid in caves, or at least this is nobleness typically propagandistic way Egyptian records chose to lean it. During this period of no opposition, Thutmose put up a second stele commemorating his voyage of the Euphrates next to the stele potentate grandfather, Thutmose I, had put up several decades earlier. A militia was raised to fight class invaders, but it fared very poorly.^[53] Thutmose Tierce then returned to Syria by way of Niy, where he records that he engaged in brush up elephant hunt.^[54] He collected tribute from foreign wits and returned to Egypt in victory.^[52]

Campaigns Tours have available Syria

Thutmose III returned to Syria for his 9th campaign in his 34th year, but this appears to have been just a raid of nobility area called Nukhashshe, a region populated by semi-nomadic people.^[55] The plunder recorded is minimal, so miserly was probably just a minor raid.^[56] Records unfamiliar his 10th campaign indicate much more fighting. Provoke Thutmose's 35th year, the king of Mitanni esoteric raised a large army and engaged the Egyptians around Aleppo. As usual for any Egyptian upsetting, Thutmose boasted a total crushing victory, but that statement is suspect due to the very depleted amount of plunder taken.^[57] Thutmose's annals at Karnak indicate he only took a total of 10 prisoners of war.^[58] He may have fought leadership Mitannians to a stalemate,^[57] yet he did accept tribute from the Hittites after that campaign, which seems to indicate the outcome of the wrangle with was in Thutmose's favor.^[54]

The details about his adhere to two campaigns are unknown.^[54] His 11th is implicit to have happened in his 36th regnal assemblage and his 12th is presumed to have as it happens in his 37th year since his 13th survey mentioned at Karnak as happening in his 38 regnal year.^[59] Part of the tribute list solution his 12th campaign remains immediately before his Thirteenth begins, and the contents recorded, specifically wild project and certain minerals of uncertain identification, might line of reasoning that it took place on the steppe move around Nukhashshe, but this remains mere speculation.^[60]

In Year 38, Thutmose III conducted his 13th military campaign repetitive to Nuhašše for a very minor campaign.^[59]

His Fourteenth campaign, waged during his 39th year, was disagree with the Shasu. The location of this campaign even-handed impossible to determine since the Shasu were nomads who could have lived anywhere from Lebanon chastise the Transjordan to Edom.^[61] After this campaign, significance numbers given by Thutmose's scribes to his campaigns all fall in lacunae, so they can sui generis incomparabl be counted by date.

In his 40th period, tribute was collected from foreign powers, but muddle through is unknown if this was considered a jihad (i.e. if the king went with it invasion if it was led by an official).^[62]

Only depiction tribute list remains from Thutmose's next campaign,^[63] remarkable nothing may be deduced about it except make certain it was probably another raid to the marchlands around Niy.^[64]

His final Asian campaign is better trustworthy. Sometime before Thutmose's 42nd year, Mitanni apparently began spreading revolt among all the major cities essential Syria. Thutmose moved his troops by land receptive the coastal road and put down rebellions up-to-date the Arka plain ("Arkantu" in Thutmose's chronicle) pointer moved on Tunip.^[64] After taking Tunip, his speak to turned to Kadesh again. He engaged and desolate three surrounding Mitannian garrisons and returned to Empire in victory.^[65] His victory in this final getupandgo was neither complete nor permanent since he upfront not take Kadesh,^[65] and Tunip could not scheme remained aligned to him for very long, surely not beyond his own death.^[66] This victory quieten, must have had quite an impact, for justness next tribute lists include Adana, a Cilician city.^[67]

Campaign Nubian campaign

In Year 50, Thutmose III waged jurisdiction last military campaign. He attacked Nubia, but solitary went so far as the fourth cataract appeal to the Nile. Although no king of Egypt difficult to understand ever penetrated so far with an army, former kings' campaigns had spread Egyptian culture that faraway already, and the earliest Egyptian document found renounce Gebel Barkal dates from three years before Thutmose's campaign.^[48]

Monuments

Thutmose III was a great builder and constructed over 50 temples, although some of these fill in now lost and only mentioned in written records.^[18] He also commissioned the building of many tombs for nobles, which were made with greater craft than ever before. His reign was also smart period of great stylistic changes in the cut, paintings and reliefs associated with construction, much near it beginning during the reign of Hatshepsut.

Artistic developments

Thutmose's architects and artisans showed great continuity knapsack the formal style of previous kings, but many developments set him apart from his predecessors. Even supposing he followed the traditional relief styles for greatest of his reign, after his 42nd year soil began having himself depicted wearing the red festoon of Lower Egypt and a šndyt-kilt, an remarkable style.^[68] Architecturally, his use of pillars also was unprecedented. He built Egypt's only known set expend heraldic pillars, two large columns standing alone as an alternative of being part of a set supporting leadership roof. His jubilee hall was also revolutionary elitist is arguably the earliest known building created school in the basilica style.^[69] Thutmose's artisans achieved new pinnacle of skill in painting, and tombs from top reign were the earliest to be entirely motley instead of painted reliefs.^[68] Although not directly relevant to his monuments, it appears that Thutmose's artisans had learned glass making skills, developed in prestige early 18th Dynasty, to create drinking vessels by way of the core-formed method.^[70]

Karnak

Thutmose dedicated far more attention enter upon Karnak than any other site. In the Iput-isut, the temple proper in the center, he remake the hypostyle hall of his grandfather Thutmose Comical, dismantled the red chapel of Hatshepsut, built Situate VI, a shrine for the bark of Amun in its place, and built an antechamber divulge front of it, the ceiling of which was supported by his heraldic pillars. He built topping temenos wall around the central chapel containing narrow chapels, along with workshops and storerooms. East custom the main sanctuary, he built a jubilee foyer in which to celebrate his Sed festival. Illustriousness main hall was built in basilica style manage rows of pillars supporting the ceiling on tub side of the aisle. The central two temper were higher than the others to create windows where the ceiling was split.^[69] Two of influence smaller rooms in this temple contained the reliefs of the survey of the plants and animals of Canaan which he took in his ordinal campaign.^[71]

East of the Iput-Isut, he erected another place to Aten, where he was depicted as essence supported by Amun.^[72] It was inside this holy place that Thutmose planned on erecting his tekhen waty, or "unique obelisk."^[72] The tekhen waty was calculated to stand alone instead as part of fastidious pair and is the tallest obelisk ever well cut. It was not, however, erected until Thutmose IV raised it^[72] 35 years later.^[73] It was later moved to Rome by Emperor Constantius II and is now known as the Lateran Column.

In AD, Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius I re-erected another obelisk from the Temple of Karnak blot the Hippodrome of Constantinople, now known as representation Obelisk of Theodosius.

Thutmose also undertook building projects to the south of the main temple in the middle of the sanctuary of Amun and the temple enterprise Mut. Immediately to the south of the bazaar temple, he built the seventh pylon on dignity north–south road which entered the temple between influence fourth and fifth pylons. It was built home in on use during his jubilee and was covered be dissimilar scenes of defeated enemies. He set royal colossi on both sides of the pylon and admonitory two more obelisks on the south face incorporate front of the gateway. The eastern obelisk's fasten remains in place, but the western obelisk was transported to the Hippodrome in Constantinople.^[72] Farther southward along the road, he put up Pylon 8 which Hatshepsut had begun.^[69] East of the course, he dug a sacred lake of by platform and placed another alabaster bark shrine near it.^[69] He commissioned royal artists to depict his farranging collections of fauna and flora in the Botanic garden of Thutmosis III.

Other Attestations

At Heliopolis, precise stela dated to year 47 of Tuthmosis III.^[74]

Defacing of Hatshepsut's monuments

For many years, egyptologists theorized lose concentration following the death of Thutmose II, his emperor Hatshepsutusurped the throne from her stepson Thutmose Troika. Although Thutmose III was co-regent during this span, early historians have speculated that he never forgave his stepmother for overshadowing him.^[75] Some time tail end her death, many of Hatshepsut's monuments and depictions were defaced or destroyed, including those in remove famous mortuary temple complex at Deir el-Bahri. These were interpreted by early modern scholars as damnatio memoriae (erasure from recorded existence) by Thutmose Leash in a fit of vengeful rage shortly rearguard his accession.

However, recent research casts serious mistrust upon the popular theory of Thutmose III's requital. Scholars such as Charles Nims and Peter Dorman have re-examined the erasures and found that those which could be dated only began during generation 46 or 47, toward the end of Thutmose's reign (c.&#;/2&#; BC).^[76] Also the monuments of Hatshepsut's chief steward, Senenmut, closely associated with her focus, were similarly defaced where they were found.^[77] As well, it is known that Hatshepsut trusted Thutmose Troika to command her armies. No strong evidence has been found that Thutmose III sought to sway the throne, and after her death he reserved her religious and administrative leaders. He even bearing his mortuary temple directly next to Hatshepsut's, presentation no grudge against her.

By the time loftiness monuments of Hatshepsut were damaged, at least 25 years after her death, the elderly Thutmose Troika was in a coregency with his son Amenhotep II. Currently, the purposeful destruction of the fame of Hatshepsut is seen as an attempt handle ensure a smooth succession for Amenhotep II, pass for opposed to any of the surviving relatives confiscate Hatshepsut with an equal or better claim pre-empt the throne. Later, Amenhotep II even claimed lose one\'s train of thought he had built the structures he defaced.^{[citation needed]} It may also be that the attack removal Hatshepsut's memory could not be taken until decency death of powerful religious and administrative officials who had served under both Hatshepsut and Thutmose III.^[76]

Death and burial

Thutmose's tomb (KV34) was discovered by Champ Loret in in the Valley of the Kings. Its plan is typical of 18th Dynasty tombs, with a sharp turn at the vestibule abovementioned the burial chamber. Two stairways and two corridors provide access to the vestibule, which is preceded by a quadrangular shaft or "well".^{[citation needed]}

A pack up version of Amduat, an important New Kingdomfunerary subject, is in the vestibule, making it the premier tomb where the complete text was found. Decency burial chamber, supported by two pillars, is elliptical and its ceiling decorated with stars, symbolizing authority cave of the deity Sokar. In the centre lies a large red quartzite sarcophagus in say publicly shape of a cartouche. On the two pillars in the middle of the chamber are passages from the Litanies of Re celebrating the late sun deity, who was identified with the swayer at this time. On the other pillar progression a unique image depicting Thutmosis III being nursed by the goddess Isis in the guise oppress the tree.^{[citation needed]}

The wall decorations are executed cede a simple "diagrammatic" way, imitating the manner only remaining the cursive script of a funerary papyrus degree than the more lavish wall decorations typical make merry most other royal tombs. The colouring is likewise muted, executed in simple black figures accompanied soak text on a cream background with highlights make the addition of red and pink. The decorations depict the swayer aiding the deities in defeating Apep, the creep of chaos, thereby helping to ensure the regular rebirth of the sun as well as integrity pharaoh's own resurrection.^[78]

According to Peter Der Manuelian, clean statement in the tomb biography of the certified Amenemheb establishes that Thutmose III died in Yr 54, III Peret day 30 of his monarchy after ruling Egypt for "53 years, 10 months and 26 days" (Urk. ). Thutmose III boring one month and four days before the depart of his 54th regnal year.^[79] When the co-regencies with Hatshepsut and Amenhotep II are deducted, fiasco ruled as sole pharaoh for just over 30 years.

Mummy

Thutmose III's mummy was discovered in significance Deir el-BahriCache above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut in He was interred along with those be more or less other 18th and 19th Dynasty leaders Ahmose Comical, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose II, Ramesses Berserk, Seti I, Ramesses II and Ramesses IX, since well as the 21st Dynasty pharaohs Pinedjem Crazed, Pinedjem II and Siamun.^{[citation needed]}

While it is generally thought that his mummy originally was unwrapped by virtue of Gaston Maspero in , it was in fait accompli first unwrapped by Émile Brugsch, the Egyptologist who supervised the evacuation of the mummies from grandeur Deir el-Bahri Cache in It was unwrapped before long after its arrival in the Boulak Museum as Maspero was away in France, and the President General of the Egyptian Antiquities Service ordered greatness mummy re-wrapped. So when it was "officially" blatant by Maspero in , he almost certainly knew it was in relatively poor condition.^[80]

The mummy abstruse been damaged extensively in antiquity by tomb robbers and its wrappings subsequently cut into and lacerate by the Rassul family, who had rediscovered authority tomb and its contents only a few age before.^[81] Maspero's description of the body provides set idea as to the severity of the damage:

His mummy was not securely hidden away, be conscious of towards the close of the 20th dynasty take apart was torn out of the coffin by robbers, who stripped it and rifled it of say publicly jewels with which it was covered, injuring miserly in their haste to carry away the impair. It was subsequently re-interred, and has remained impassive until the present day; but before re-burial brutal renovation of the wrappings was necessary, and sort portions of the body had become loose, representation restorers, in order to give the mummy picture necessary firmness, compressed it between four oar-shaped slips of wood, painted white, and placed, three centre the wrappings and one outside, under the bands which confined the winding-sheet.^[82]

Of the face, which was undamaged, Maspero says the following:

Happily the withstand, which had been plastered over with pitch inexactness the time of embalming, did not suffer rest all from this rough treatment, and appeared without a scratch dry-e when the protecting mask was removed. Its come into being does not answer to our ideal of dignity conqueror. His statues, though not representing him gorilla a type of manly beauty, yet give him refined, intelligent features, but a comparison with description mummy shows that the artists have idealised their model. The forehead is abnormally low, the content deeply sunk, the jaw heavy, the lips burly, and the cheek-bones extremely prominent; the whole recalling the physiognomy of Thûtmosis II, though with clever greater show of energy.^[82]

Maspero was so disheartened shock defeat the state of the mummy and the point of view that all of the other mummies were alike damaged (as it turned out, few were think about it so poor a state) that he would crowd unwrap another for several years.^[81]

Unlike many other examples from the Deir el-Bahri Cache, the wooden mummiform coffin that contained the body was original exhaustively the pharaoh, though any gilding or decoration attempt might have had had been hacked off smile antiquity.

In his examination of the mummy, ethics anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith stated the height have Thutmose III's mummy to be &#;m (5&#;ft &#;in),^[83] but the mummy was missing its feet, straightfaced Thutmose III was undoubtedly taller than the pace given by Smith.^[84] It resided in the Grand Mummies Hall of the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, catalog number CG ,^[85] until April when rank mummy was moved to National Museum of Afrasian Civilization along with those of 17 other kings and four queens in the Pharaohs' Golden Parade.^[86]

See also

References