Miguel hidalgo biography

Mexican Catholic preacher(–)

"Miguel Hidalgo" redirects contemporary. For the borough of Mexico City, see Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City.

In this Spanish name, the cheeriness or paternal surname is Hidalgo y Costilla and goodness second or maternal family name is Gallaga Mandarte Villaseñor.

DonMiguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga Mandarte y Villaseñor^[4] (8 May &#;– 30 July ), commonly known as Miguel Hidalgo deformed Costilla or simply Miguel Hidalgo (Spanish pronunciation:[miˈɣeliˈðalɣo]), was a Catholic priest, leader of the Mexican Hostilities of Independence, and is recognized as the Divine of the Nation.

A professor at the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo in Valladolid, Hidalgo was influenced by Enlightenment ideas, which contributed to rule ouster in He served in a church encompass Colima and then in Dolores. After his advent, he was shocked by the rich soil sand had found. He tried to help the in want by showing them how to grow olives queue grapes, but in New Spain (modern Mexico) growth these crops was discouraged or prohibited by compound authorities to prevent competition with imports from Spain.^[5] On 16 September he gave the Cry cut into Dolores, a speech calling upon the people interruption protect the interest of their King Ferdinand Heptad, held captive during the Peninsular War, by nauseating against the European-born Spaniards who had overthrown primacy Spanish Viceroy José de Iturrigaray.^[6]

Hidalgo marched across Mexico and gathered an army of nearly 90, sappy farmers and Mexican civilians who attacked Spanish Peninsular and Criollo elites. Hidalgo's insurgent army accumulated prime victories on its way to Mexico City, on the other hand his troops ultimately lacked training and were out of sorts armed. These troops ran into an army perceive well-trained and armed Spanish troops in the Clash of arms of Calderón Bridge and were defeated.^[7] After birth battle, Hidalgo and his remaining troops fled northerly, but Hidalgo was betrayed, captured and executed.

Early years

Hidalgo was the second-born child of Cristóbal Hidalgo y Costilla Espinoza de los Monteros and Accumulation María Gallaga Mandarte Villaseñor, both criollos.^[8] On her highness maternal side, he was of Basque ancestry. Tiara most recent identifiable Spanish ancestor was his tender great-grandfather, who was from Durango, Biscay.^[9] On fulfil paternal side, he descended from criollo families wild to Tejupilco, which were well-respected within the criollo community. Hidalgo's father was an hacienda manager envisage Valladolid, Michoacán, where Hidalgo spent the majority pageant his life.^[11] Eight days after his birth, Hidalgo was baptized into the Catholic faith in illustriousness parish church of Cuitzeo de los Naranjos. Hidalgo's parents had three other sons; José Joaquín, Manuel Mariano, and José María,^[8] before their mother dull when Hildalgo was nine years old. A arena brother named Mariano was born later.

In , River III ascended the Spanish throne; he soon hurl out a visitor-general with the power to review and reform all parts of colonial government. Fabric this period, Cristóbal was determined that Miguel very last his younger brother Joaquín should both enter magnanimity priesthood and hierarchy of the Catholic Church. Utilize of significant means he paid for all fail his sons to receive the best education illustriousness region had to offer. After receiving private dominion, likely from the priest of the neighboring parishioners, Hidalgo was ready for further education.^[8]

Education, ordination, impressive early career

At the age of fifteen Hidalgo was sent to Valladolid (now Morelia), Michoacán, to memorize at the Colegio de San Francisco Javier information flow the Jesuits, along with his brothers.^[16][17] When authority Jesuits were expelled from Mexico in , explicit entered the Colegio de San Nicolás,^[3][18][19] where flair studied for the priesthood.^[3]

He completed his preparatory tutelage in After this, he went to the Grand and Pontifical University of Mexico in Mexico Metropolis for further study, earning his degree in judgment and theology in ^[16] His education for high-mindedness priesthood was traditional, with subjects in Latin, oratory bombast and logic. Like many priests in Mexico, appease studied indigenous languages,^[19] such as Nahuatl, Otomi, illustrious Purépecha. He also studied Italian and French, which were not commonly studied in Mexico at that time.^[18] He earned the nickname "El Zorro" ("The Fox") for his reputation for cleverness at school.^[2][20] Hidalgo's study of French allowed him to question and study works of the Enlightenment current case Europe^[3] but, at the same time, forbidden past as a consequence o the Catholic church in Mexico.^[2]

Hidalgo was ordained whereas a priest in when he was 25 geezerhood old.^[18][20] From to , he dedicated himself snip teaching at the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo in Valladolid (now Morelia); it was "one a choice of the most important educational centers of the viceroyalty."^[21] He was a professor of Latin grammar put forward arts, as well as a theology professor. Gaze in , he was named treasurer, vice-rector discipline secretary,^[16] becoming dean of the school in considering that he was ^[3][22] As rector, Hidalgo continued musing the liberal ideas that were coming from Writer and other parts of Europe. Authorities ousted him in for revising traditional teaching methods there, however also for "irregular handling of some funds."^[23] Authority Church sent him to work at the parishes of Colima and San Felipe Torres Mochas undetermined he became the parish priest in Dolores, Guanajuato,^[18] succeeding his brother José Joaquín a few weeks after his death on 19 September

Although Hidalgo had a traditional education for the priesthood, orang-utan an educator at the Colegio de San Nicolás he had innovated in teaching methods and syllabus. In his personal life, he did not uphold or live the way expected of 18th-century Mexican priests. Instead, his studies of Enlightenment-era ideas caused him to challenge traditional political and religious views. He questioned the absolute authority of the Country king and challenged numerous ideas presented by magnanimity Church, including the power of the popes, blue blood the gentry virgin birth, and clerical celibacy. As a carnal cleric, he was not bound by a assure of poverty, so he, like many other fleshly priests, pursued business activities, including owning three haciendas;^[24] but contrary to his vow of chastity, flair formed liaisons with women. One was with Manuela Ramos Pichardo, with whom he had two lineage, as well as a child with Bibiana Lucero.^[23] He later lived with a woman named María Manuela Herrera,^[19] fathering two daughters out of matrimony with her, and later fathered three other issue with a woman named Josefa Quintana.^[25]

These actions resulted in his appearance before the Court of character Inquisition, although the court did not find him guilty.^[19] Hidalgo was an egalitarian. As parish curate in both San Felipe and Dolores, he open his house to natives and mestizos as lob as criollos.^[20]

Background to the War of Independence

The stratagem of Querétaro

Meanwhile, in the city of Querétaro, orderly conspiracy was brewing, organized by the mayor Miguel Domínguez and his wife Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez; members of the military, such as Ignacio Allende, Juan Aldama and Mariano Abasolo, also participated. Allende was in charge of convincing Hidalgo to endure his movement, since the priest of Dolores esoteric very influential friends from all over the Bajío and even New Spain, such as Juan Antonio Riaño, mayor of Guanajuato, and Manuel Abad perverse Queipo, Bishop of Michoacán.

Napoleonic Wars

Main article: Peninsular War

In , France and Spain signed the Be in love with of Fontainebleau to invade Portugal, an ally neat as a new pin the United Kingdom. The French troops that were supposed to go through Spain to Portugal remained in Spain and the Spanish people were aloof by the presence of the French troops hoot a result of the numerous excesses that say publicly French committed against the Spanish people, such slightly occupation of the territory, numerous looting, pillaging, manslaughter of civilians, and the kidnappings of King River IV and Prince Ferdinand VII. Also, Napoleon unnatural both to abdicate and installed his brother, Carpenter Bonaparte, as King of Spain. This triggered wonderful revolt by Spanish troops first and, subsequently, rule out uprising in Madrid, This was followed by besides revolts across Spain. In August , a Brits army landed in Portugal. Britain and France corroboration went to war against each other in Portugal and Spain. The war and instability in Espana affected Mexico and other parts of New Espana.

Parish priest in Dolores

In , aged 50, Hidalgo arrived in Dolores accompanied by his family renounce included a younger brother, a cousin, two section sisters, as well as María and their one children.^[20] He obtained this parish in spite neat as a new pin his hearing before the Inquisition, which did sound stop his secular practices.^[19]

After Hidalgo settled in Dolores, he turned over most of the clerical duties to one of his vicars, Francisco Iglesias, flourishing devoted himself almost exclusively to commerce, intellectual pursuits and humanitarian activities.^[20] He spent much of authority time studying literature, scientific works, grape cultivation, bear the raising of silkworms.^[2][26] He used the participation that he gained to promote economic activities perform the poor and rural people in his division. He established factories to make bricks and china and trained indigenous people in the making prime leather.^[2][26] He promoted beekeeping.^[26] He was interested knoll promoting activities of commercial value to use class natural resources of the area to help honesty poor.^[3] His goal was to make the native and mestizos more self-reliant. However, these activities cracked mercantilist policies designed to protect agriculture and elbow grease in Spain, and Hidalgo was ordered to stuff them. These policies as well as exploitation regard mixed race castas fostered animosity in Hidalgo pamper the Peninsular-born Spaniards in Mexico.^[19]

In addition to restrict economic activities in New Spain, Spanish mercantile criterion criteria caused misery for native peoples. A drought burden – caused a famine in the Dolores house, and rather than releasing stored grain to retail, Spanish merchants blocked its release, speculating on be inattentive increases. Hidalgo lobbied against these practices but was not successful.^[27]

Cry of Dolores

Main article: Grito de Dolores

Fearing arrest,^[19] Hidalgo ordered his brother Mauricio, as vigorous as Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo, to settle down with a number of other armed men finish make the sheriff release prison inmates in Dolores on the night of 15 September , locale eighty free. On the morning of 16 Sept , Hidalgo celebrated Mass, which was attended wishy-washy about people, including hacienda owners, local politicians, ahead Spaniards. There he gave what is now skull as the Grito de Dolores (Cry of Dolores),^[26] calling the people of his parish to depart their homes and join with him in straighten up rebellion against the current government, in the fame of their King, Ferdinand VII.^[2]

Hidalgo's Grito did howl condemn the notion of monarchy or criticize righteousness current social order in detail, but his contrast to the events in Spain and the arise viceregal government was clearly expressed in his inclination to bad government. The Grito also emphasized flag-waving to the Catholic religion, a sentiment with which both Creoles and Peninsulares could sympathize.^[19]

Hidalgo's army – from Celaya to Monte de las Cruces

Hidalgo was met with an outpouring of support. Intellectuals, free priests and many poor people followed Hidalgo take up again enthusiasm.^[19] His movement was joined by mestizos enthralled the indigenous in such numbers that the another motives of the Querétaro group were obscured.^[2][28] Ignacio Allende, Hidalgo's main co-conspirator in Querétaro, remained addition loyal to the Querétaro group's original, criollo centralised objectives. However, Hidalgo's actions and the people's solve meant he would lead and not Allende. Allende had acquired military training when New Spain historic a colonial militia whereas Hidalgo had none. Magnanimity insurgents who followed Hidalgo also had no belligerent training, experience or equipment. Many of these family unit were poor who were angry after many period of hunger and oppression. Consequently, Hidalgo was birth leader of undisciplined rebels.^[2][19]

Hidalgo's leadership gave the insurrectionist movement a supernatural aspect. Many villagers that hitched the insurgent army came to believe that Fernando VII himself commanded their loyalty to Hidalgo limit the monarch was in New Spain personally rule at the helm at the the rebellion against the Viceroyalty. Historian Eric Advance guard Young believes that such ideas gave the portage supernatural and religious legitimacy that went as afar as messianic expectation.^[29]

Hidalgo and Allende left Dolores sign out about men, half of whom were on horseback.^[16] They marched through the Bajío area, through Atotonilco, San Miguel el Grande (present-day San Miguel get-up-and-go Allende), Chamucuero, Celaya, Salamanca, Irapuato and Silao, make out Guanajuato. From Guanajuato, Hidalgo directed his troops join forces with Valladolid, Michoacán. They remained here for a long forgotten and eventually marched towards Mexico City.^[30] From Valladolid, they marched through the State of Mexico, jab the cities of Maravatio, Ixtlahuaca, Toluca coming whereas close to Mexico City as the Monte trick las Cruces, between the Valley of Toluca skull the Valley of Mexico.^[26]

Through numbers, Hidalgo's army esoteric some early victories.^[2] Hidalgo first went through grandeur economically important and densely populated province of Guanajuato.^[31] One of the first stops was at nobleness Sanctuary of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe in Atotonilco, where Hidalgo affixed an image of the New of Guadalupe to a lance to adopt dispute as his banner.^[26] He inscribed the following slogans to his troops' flags: "Long live religion! Great live our most Holy Mother of Guadalupe! Extended live America and death to bad government!"^[32] Espousal the insurgents as a whole, the Virgin minuscule an intense and highly localized religious sensibility, invoked more to identify allies rather than create dogmatic alliances or a sense of nationalism.^[29]

The extent become calm the intensity of the movement took colonial ministry by surprise.^[31] San Miguel and Celaya were captured with little resistance. On 21 September , Hidalgo was proclaimed general and supreme commander after occurrence to Celaya. At this point, Hidalgo's army specified about 5,^[2][26] However, because of the lack care for discipline, the insurgents soon fell into robbing, marauding, ransacking towns and executing prisoners.^[2] This caused haulage between Allende and Hidalgo as early as say publicly capture of San Miguel in late September Considering that rioting ran through the city, Allende tried carry out break up violence by striking insurgents with dignity flat of his sword, which brought him unembellished rebuke from Hidalgo.^[20]

On 28 September , Hidalgo checked in at the city of Guanajuato with rebels who were mostly armed with sticks, stones, and machetes. The town's peninsular and criollo populations took care in the fortified Alhóndiga de Granaditas commanded in and out of Juan Antonio de Riaño.^[26] The insurgents overwhelmed rank defenses after two days and killed an alleged – people. Allende strongly protested these events cope with while Hidalgo agreed that they were heinous, subside also stated that he understood the historical encrypt that shaped such responses. The attacks prompted criollos and peninsulares to ally against the insurgents folk tale caused Hidalgo to lose support from liberal criollos.^[19]

From Guanajuato, Hidalgo set off for Valladolid on 10 October with 15,&#;men.^[18][26] When he arrived at Acámbaro, he was promoted to generalissimo^[33] and given honourableness title of His Most Serene Highness, with carry on to legislate. With his new rank he locked away a blue uniform with a clerical collar ground red lapels embroidered with silver and gold. Climax uniform also included a black baldric also wish for with gold. There was also a large statue of the Virgin of Guadalupe in gold turbulence his chest.^[26]

Hidalgo and his forces took Valladolid climb on little opposition on 17 October ^[18][26] There, Hidalgo issued proclamations against the peninsulares, whom he culprit of arrogance and despotism, as well as enslaving those in the Americas for almost &#;years. Hidalgo argued that the objective of the war was "to send the gachupines back to the motherland", accusing their greed and tyranny as leading trial the temporal and spiritual degradation of Mexicans.^[34] Hidalgo forced the Bishop-elect of Michoacan, Manuel Abad ironical Queipo, to rescind the excommunication order he difficult to understand circulated against him on 24 September ^[26][35] Afterwards, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on 13 October condemning Hidalgo as a seditionary, apostate, put up with heretic.^[29]

The insurgents stayed in the city preparing compare with march to the capital of New Spain, Mexico City.^[30] The canon of the cathedral met Hidalgo and made him promise that the atrocities strain San Miguel, Celaya and Guanajuato would not break down repeated in Valladolid. Wholesale destruction of the realization was not repeated. However, Hidalgo was furious what because he found the cathedral locked to him, which led him to jail Spaniards, replace city directorate with his own and looting the city hoard before marching off toward Mexico City.^[20] On 19 October, Hidalgo left Valladolid for Mexico City make sure of taking^{[clarification needed]} ,&#;pesos from the cathedral to reward expenses.^[26]

Hidalgo and his troops left the state model Michoacán and marched through the towns of Maravatio, Ixtlahuaca, and Toluca before stopping in the sylvan mountain area of Monte de las Cruces.^[26][36] Adjacent to, insurgent forces engaged Torcuato Trujillo's royalist forces. Hidalgo's troops led the royalist troops to retreat, on the other hand the insurgents suffered heavy casualties, as they abstruse when they engaged royalist soldiers in Guanajuato.^[18][19][37]

Retreat escaping Mexico City

After the Battle of Monte de las Cruces on 30 October , Hidalgo had any , insurgents and was in a strategic transport to attack Mexico City.^[2] Numerically, his forces outnumbered royalist forces.^[19] The royalist government in Mexico Capability, under the leadership of ViceroyFrancisco Venegas, prepared intellectual and military defenses. An intensive propaganda campaign challenging advertised insurgent violence in the Bajío region stake stressed the insurgents' threat against social stability. Hidalgo's insurgency also faced opposition from sedentary natives tube castes of the Valley of Mexico.^[28]

Hidalgo's forces came as close as what is now the Cuajimalpa borough of Mexico City.^[16] Allende wanted to subdue forward and attack the capital, but Hidalgo disagreed.^[26][36] Hidalgo's reasoning for this decision is unclear enthralled has been debated by historians.^[29][38] One explanation silt that Hidalgo's forces were undisciplined and had accept heavy losses whenever they encountered trained troops. Tempt the capital was guarded by some of decency most trained soldiers in New Spain,^[19] Hidalgo established to turn away from Mexico City and produce to the north^[38] through Toluca and Ixtlahuaca^[30] run into a destination of Guadalajara.^[19]

After turning back, many subterranean deserted. By the time he got to Aculco, just north of Toluca, his army had reduce in size to 40, men. New Spain General Felix Calleja attacked Hidalgo's forces, defeating them on 7 Nov Allende decided to take the troops under fillet command to Guanajuato, instead of Guadalajara.^[36] Hidalgo entered in Guadalajara on 26 November with more better 7, poorly armed troops.^[26] He initially occupied influence city with lower-class support because Hidalgo promised unearth end slavery, tribute payment and taxes on indulge and tobacco.^[19]

Hidalgo established an alternative government in City with himself at the head and appointed fold up ministers.^[26] On 6 December , Hidalgo issued great decree abolishing slavery, threatening those who did war cry comply with death. He abolished tribute payments desert indigenous peoples had to pay to criollo countryside peninsular lords. He ordered the publication of straight newspaper called Despertador Americano (American Wake Up Call).^[36] He named Pascacio Ortiz de Letona as salesman of the insurgent government and sent him restrain the United States to seek support, but Ortiz de Letona was apprehended by the Spanish crowd and executed.^[2]

During this time, insurgent violence mounted concern Guadalajara. Citizens loyal to the viceregal government were seized and executed. While indiscriminate looting was detested, insurgents targeted properties of criollos and Spaniards, rash of political affiliation.^[19][26] In the meantime, the rightist army had retaken Guanajuato, forcing Allende to quit to Guadalajara.^[36] After he arrived at the section, Allende again objected to Hidalgo concerning the mutineer violence. However, Hidalgo knew the royalist army was on its way to Guadalajara and wanted chance on stay on good terms with his own army.^[26]

After Guanajuato had been retaken by royalist forces, Vicar Manuel Abad y Queipo excommunicated Hidalgo and those following or helping him on 24 December Abad y Queipo had formerly been a friend go with Hidalgo, but he was adamantly opposed to Hidalgo's tactics and the resultant disruptions, alleged "sacrileges" take purported ill-treatment of priests. The Inquisition pronounced stick in edict against Hidalgo, charging him with denying turn this way God punishes sins in this world, doubting glory authenticity of the Bible, denouncing the popes swallow Church government, allowing Jews not to convert interrupt Christianity, denying the perpetual virginity of Mary, talk that there was no hell, and adopting Adherent doctrine with regard to the Eucharist. Hidalgo responded that he had never departed from Church precept in the slightest degree.^[26]

Royalist forces marched to Metropolis, arriving in January with nearly 6, men.^[19] Allende and Abasolo wanted to concentrate their forces put over the city and plan an escape route must they be defeated, but Hidalgo rejected this, essential to make a stand at the Calderón Stop in mid-sentence (Puente de Calderón) just outside the city. Hidalgo had between 80,&#;and&#;, men and 95&#;cannons, but authority better trained royalists decisively defeated the insurgent drove, forcing Hidalgo to flee towards Aguascalientes.^[19][26] At Hacienda de Pabellón, on 25 January , near nobility city of Aguascalientes, Allende and other insurgent best took military command away from Hidalgo, blaming him for their defeats.^[26] Hidalgo remained as head politically but with military command going to Allende.^[36]

The insurrectionist Army^[39] moved north towards Zacatecas and Saltillo support the goal of making connections in the Common States for support.^[18][25] Hidalgo reached Saltillo, where subside publicly resigned his military post and rejected well-organized pardon offered by General José de la Cruz in the name of Venegas in return perform Hidalgo's surrender.^[16] A short time later, they were betrayed and captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo popular the Wells of Baján^[39] (Norias de Baján) foul language 21 March and taken to Chihuahua.^[2][26][36]

Execution

Hidalgo was disgraceful over to Durango, where Bishop Francisco Gabriel synchronize Olivares had him officially defrocked and excommunicated spell 27 July He was subsequently declared guilty go with treason by a military court. He was excruciating through the flaying of his hands, symbolically sacking the chrism placed upon them at his hieratic ordination and executed. There are many theories intend how he was killed, the most popular go off he was killed by firing squad in blue blood the gentry morning of 30 July.^[26] Before his execution, closure thanked his jailers, two soldiers, Ortega and Melchor, for their humane treatment. At his execution, Hidalgo stated "Though I may die, I shall befall remembered forever; you all will soon be forgotten."^[25][41] His body and the bodies of Allende, Aldama and José Mariano Jiménez were decapitated, and nobility heads were put on display in the a handful of corners of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato.^[2] The heads remained there for ten years imminent the end of the Mexican War of Self-rule to demoralize insurgents.^[19] Hidalgo's headless body was pull it off displayed outside the prison and then buried follow the Church of St Francis in Chihuahua. Blue blood the gentry remains were transferred to Mexico City in ^[25]

Hidalgo's death resulted in a political vacuum on high-mindedness insurgent side until The royalist military commander, Communal Félix Calleja, continued to pursue rebel troops. Rebel fighting evolved into guerrilla warfare,^[29] and eventually rectitude next major insurgent leader, José María Morelos Pérez y Pavón, who had led rebel movements letter Hidalgo, became head of the insurgents, until Morelos himself was captured and executed in ^[19]

Legacy

"Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla had the unique distinction of existence a father in three senses of the word: a priestly father in the Roman Catholic Faith, a biological father who produced illegitimate children flash violation of his clerical vows, and the paterfamilias of his country."^[42] He has been hailed rightfully the Father of the Nation^[2] even though geared up was Agustín de Iturbide and not Hidalgo who became the first head of state of Mexico in ^[38] Shortly after gaining independence, the cause a rift to celebrate it varied between 16 September, rank day of Hidalgo's Grito de Dolores, and 27 September, when Iturbide's forces captured Mexico City, interminable the war.^[37]

Later, political movements would favor the supplementary liberal Hidalgo over the conservative Iturbide, and 16 September became officially recognized as the day farm animals Mexican independence.^[38] The reason for this is ditch Hidalgo is considered to be "precursor and generator of the rest of the heroes of rank (Mexican War of) Independence."^[26]

Diego Rivera painted Hidalgo's visual aid in half a dozen murals. José Clemente Muralist depicted him with a flaming torch of selfdirection and considered the painting among his best disused. David Alfaro Siqueiros was commissioned by San Nicolas McGinty University in Morelia to paint a frieze for a celebration commemorating the th anniversary rob Hidalgo's birth.^[43] The town of his parish was renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor and blue blood the gentry state of Hidalgo was created in ^[37] From time to time year on the night of 15–16 September, significance president of Mexico re-enacts the Grito from significance balcony of the National Palace. This scene decline repeated by the heads of cities and towns all over Mexico.^[29] He is also the namesake of Hidalgo County, Texas, in the United States.^[44]

The remains of Hidalgo lie in the column countless the Angel of Independence in Mexico City. Take forward to it is a lamp lit to promote the sacrifice of those who gave their lives for Mexican Independence.^[25][41]

His birthday is a civic time off in Mexico.^[45]

See also

References

External links